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Hope you had a nice MLK weekend, and without further ado, let’s ride! 🌊

In today's edition:

Former president Donald Trump won the Iowa Republican Caucus by the largest margin in the event’s history

On Monday, North Korea announced it had test-launched a hypersonic warhead atop a cutting-edge missile

Together with Incogni

A Roca Poll of the Day earlier this month revealed that 20% of you are self-confessed tech 'laggards'. Yep, you’re still trying to figure out how to program your VCRs 📼… but when it comes to internet security, being fashionably late isn't cool. That's where Incogni swoops in

Fulton County, Georgia District Attorney Fani Willis defended her hiring of a prosecutor who led a racketeering case against Donald Trump

Taiwan elected a pro-independence candidate as the island’s next president

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Today’ s Poll is sponsored by Incogni

Yesterday’s Poll: How many languages do you speak?

1 - and that is hard enough: 20%
1 - but would love to learn more: 49%
2 - or should we say, “dos”: 20%
3+ - natural polyglot: 11%

🏈 Wild Wild Card weekend: The Green Bay Packers routed the Dallas Cowboys 48-34; the Detroit Lions won their first playoff game in 32 years, beating the Los Angeles Rams 24-23; and the Buffalo Bills beat the Pittsburgh Steelers 31-17 in a game postponed by a blizzard. Also, Jason Kelce, 5x All-Pro center and brother of Travis Kelce, reportedly announced his retirement after the Philadelphia Eagles’ loss to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers last night

🎬 Sweet milestone: In five weeks, the fantasy musical “Wonka,” starring Timothée Chalamet and based on Roald Dahl’s “Charlie and the Chocolate Factory,” surpassed $500M in global ticket sales

🤬 “You cannot do this!” A passenger hit an IndiGo pilot after the pilot announced a 13-hour delay due to poor visibility from fog on a Delhi-to-Goa flight

🧀 Colombian parmesan? A customer at a Reno, Nevada, Subway reported numb lips after biting into a sandwich with an unusual white powder

💄 Drag Nerd: Police arrested a 25-year-old Indian man for dressing as a woman during a health worker recruitment exam. He reportedly wore the outfit to take the test on behalf of a woman

🛷 Toronto Buzzkills: Toronto authorities banned tobogganing at 45 hills due to safety concerns. A city council member criticized the move, saying it portrays Toronto as a “no fun city”

Our Roca Reports series continues in Srebrenica. If you’re not a premium member, read the full series by starting your 14-day free trial here!

What happened at Srebrenica? 

According to the UN, whose court ruled it a genocide, this occurred: ”In July 1995, forces of the Army of the Republika Srpska, the VRS, invaded the town of Srebrenica, in eastern Bosnia and Herzegovina. In a few horrific days, more than 8,000 Bosnian Muslim boys and men were taken to places of detention, abused, tortured and then executed. As their bodies fell into mass graves, the machinery of denial of those crimes was set into motion.”

Earlier in the war, which began in 1992, Serb (Orthodox) forces had ethnically cleansed their territory, displacing the Bosniaks (Muslims). Thousands of displaced Bosniaks relocated to Srebrenica, a village surrounded by mountains near the Serbian border.

With tens of thousands of Muslims in an isolated village surrounded by Serb forces, the UN feared a humanitarian disaster. In 1993 they designated Srebrenica a safe area and deployed peacekeeping forces to deter a Serb attack. In 1994, Canadian peacekeepers passed control of Srebrenica over to a Dutch force, Dutchbat.

By early summer 1995, it was evident that Serb forces were preparing to attack. Negotiations were ongoing between Serb commanders, UN commanders, and others. But the Serbs had also taken hundreds of UN peacekeepers hostage, tying their hands and deterring Dutch soldiers from getting involved. In early July, Serb forces began shelling Srebrenica and occupying nearby UN posts. The blockade tightened and people began to starve.

Dutch troops began to retreat, which caused the Bosniaks in Srebrenica to panic. They tried to block roads and prevent the peacekeepers from withdrawing. As shelling intensified and Serb forces approached, the Bosniaks began to flee. Thousands, some of whom were armed, fled into the woods with the hopes of escaping. Thousands more followed the Dutch troops to their base five kilometers down the road. 

Over a week, the Serbs caught most of the Bosniaks who tried to escape through the woods. Some were killed in confrontations, but thousands more were arrested. Serb forces proceeded to systematically murder all military-aged males, some boys, and some of the elderly, while raping many of the women. Those who survived documented what had happened. 

Those who followed the Dutch troops initially sheltered at their base. The Serb troops surrounded that, though, and demanded that the Bosniaks be turned over for relocation. Over the protests of the Bosniaks – some of whom killed themselves rather than go with the Serbs – the Dutch began turning over the refugees. 

The Serbs tortured and murdered the Bosniaks within earshot of the base. Dutch soldiers testified that they watched Serb forces rape Bosniak women and murder boys and men. Still, they wouldn’t let them stay. Subsequent analyses by Dutch organizations found the Dutch soldiers to be ill-prepared and responsible for many deaths. 

In total, 8,372 people are listed as disappeared or killed in the massacre. 

In 2004, a UN court found Serb commanders and soldiers at Srebrenica guilty of genocide. In 2007, another international court upheld that ruling. Arrest warrants were issued for the Republika Srpska president, Radovan Karadžić, and the lead Srebrenica Serb commander, Ratko Mladić. The former was arrested in 2008 and the latter in 2011. Yet today, Karadžić’s and Mladić’s names are plastered on buildings across Serbia and Bosnia’s Republika Srpska.

Every Serb I spoke to said the same thing: Srebrenica was not a genocide. They most commonly argue that all sides committed war crimes. The Bosniaks were therefore equally guilty and the Serb troops were no worse than anyone else. That narrative allows Mladić and Karadžić to be war heroes. 

When you point out that no other event during the war matched the brutality and scale of Srebrenica, some Serbs say the death toll is exaggerated. Others say it was only marginally worse than massacres by the Bosniaks. When you mention the genocide convictions, they scoff: “Politics.”

The ensuing stories will flesh out why people think that way.

Let us know what you think by replying to this email!

The Srebrenica memorial is situated on a rural road opposite the former UN base where Dutch soldiers turned thousands of Bosniaks over to Serb forces. A graveyard has nearly 7,000 bodies retrieved mainly from mass graves. The tombstones have the victims’ names, birth and death years, and a Bosnian inscription that roughly says, “Don’t say that those who believe in Allah are dead. No, they are alive, but you don’t feel it.”

The graves run in lines across the field. A separate block lists the names of all identified victims.

In the museum, situated in the former UN base across the street, I asked an employee what Serbs think when they see this.

“They don’t,” he said. “To them it’s not bodies, it’s just stones. And this was a civil war. That’s what they say.”

The man was a 33-year-old Bosniak who had grown up here and was five years old when the massacre occurred. When the Serb troops approached, his parents fled into the woods and left him with his grandmother. All of them survived. 

“The Serbs do not try to understand what we went through,” he said. I asked why.

“Politics.” 

He added that no Serbs work at the memorial. “Maybe some construction workers,” he said. “But not in the museum.”

While at the museum, a group of Middle Eastern tourists passed through, as well as a Bosniak school group. I asked one of them, a 17-year-old, what he thought.

“Horror movie.”

He paused, then added: “You can see it on YouTube. There are videos. It’s a horror movie.”

Today, Srebrenica is a quiet and depressed town tucked into the mountains a few miles up the road. While looking at a restaurant’s menu there, a man came out and beckoned us inside. 

Three men were sitting in the restaurant, which was one small room with four tables and a woman cooking in the back. After a while of sitting there, the men – all in their 40s or older – introduced themselves as Niyaz, Dragan, and Mladim. 

Niyaz was a Bosniak (Muslim); the other two were Serbs (Orthodox). Mladim spoke some English; Dragan spoke some Russian, which I also speak. We spoke through that mix of languages.

Dragan told me he was from the Bosnian-majority Federation but had moved to Srebrenica after the war. I asked why. 

“That’s just what it was,” he said, flicking his hand. What he was saying was that he had been ethnically cleansed. 

I said we were here to learn how people felt about the genocide. 

Mladim, the youngest of the bunch and the English speaker, rolled his eyes. 

“Not genocide.” 

Minutes later, a couple kids came in and gave the three men hugs. They greeted the kids with “assalam-u-alaikum,” the Muslim greeting. Niyaz gave them a few bills and they ran out. 

As though that interaction was proof, Dragan, one of the Serbs, turns to me and goes, “No genocide.” He added, “War. Politics.”

“Everything was good during Yugoslavia. We had peace. We had the number one passport – we could go everywhere.”

Mladim added, “Prosperity. We had prosperity.” He then invited us to get a beer with him at a nearby bar. 

“This is a dead city. Everyone goes EU,” he said. “My son and daughter, Germany. Ex-wife, Germany. No work here.” 

I asked what he did for work.

“No work.”

Minutes later, out of the blue, Mladim said, “Your president’s son created coronavirus.”

“Hunter Biden?”

“Yes. Everything America’s fault. Ukraine – America. Israel – America.”

At this point, the bartender – a young English-speaking woman – chipped in: “People here blame everything on America because of the [NATO] bombing.” 

What did her generation think about what happened here?

“Here is like a small town anywhere. Frankly, no one gives a shit about history. The problem is just that there’s no prosperity. People only care about history when elections come around.”

“I had Muslim classmates and no one told me to hate them,” she said. “Growing up here was great. There were a lot of people and I loved my friends and family. But now, it’s hard. Everyone has left.”

Mladim offered to walk us to the bus station, a mile or so up the road. On the way, we passed an office for a Serb political party that showed a picture of Vladimir Putin. 

“Putin is number one,” Mladim said. “Russians are our Orthodox brothers.”

Over the walk, Mladim repeatedly and emotionally said that Srebrenica wasn’t genocide. 

“One million Serbs were killed in World War 1, two million were killed in World War 2,” he said. “Genocide? No genocide! Maybe 6,000 people died.”

I asked what he thinks when he passes the tombstones. 

“Lies.”

“Why do they lie?”

“I don’t know!” he said. “We’re not bad people.”

Let us know what you think at [email protected]!

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Max F has all the bragging rights today. His Bills defeated Max T’s Steelers in a dominant fashion. As much as Max T would like to argue that the Bills were soft for postponing the game — even in a blizzard that made the stadium look like the planet Hoth in Star Wars — the 31-17 final score left little doubt.

But time to be friends again. Let’s have a great week!

—Max and Max